Using Golden Eagle Optimizer: Economic, Environmental and Reliability Assessment

Abstract

Distributed Generation (DG) allocation in Radial Distribution Networks (RDNs) is a nonlinear, constrained planning problem that requires selecting the location, capacity and operating characteristics of the DG. To address the issue of multi-type multi-DG allocation in IEEE 33-bus Radial Distribution Systems (RDS), this paper proposes a system based on the Golden Eagle Optimizer (GEO). There are four possible operating modes for DGs: active-power injection, reactive-power injection, active-power injection with reactive-power absorption, and simultaneous active-and reactive-power injection. The framework allows for a comparison of three different DG configurations based on voltage, capacity, power-balance and operating constraints. Active and Reactive power losses and voltage stability are used for technical performance assessment, while annual Total Owning Cost (TOC), CO₂ emissions and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) are used for economic, environmental and reliability assessments. The evaluated configurations are seen to reduce the active power loss from 0.211 MW to 0.0251 MW, and increase the minimum voltage from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9865 p.u. for three type-3 DG units at buses 13, 30, and 3, respectively. The TOC diminishes from 22.3546 to 7.2111 Cr/year, CO₂ emissions from 22,354.63 to 6,058.94 tons/year, and EENS from 38.48 to 24.96 MWh/year. The results shown are indicative of effective DG coordination.