Emerging Physical Principles Driving Innovations in Future Technologies

Abstract

The technological development of the basic physical principles is more and more the technological innovation of the 21st century, as compared to the development of engineering by the finesse engineering. The article is a narrative review of how the new concepts in the areas of quantum physics, photonics, materials science, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and data-driven physical modelling are shaping the technologies in the next generation. It concentrates on mechanisms of principles, which encompass quantum coherence, topological protection and control of wave-matter interaction and entropy-driven dynamics that re-establish limits of computing, communication, energy efficiency and system resilience. It is reviewed on the recent developments in quantum and photonic systems, low-dimensional and topological materials, neuromorphic computing systems, wave-based computing systems and physics-inspired artificial intelligence systems. Moreover, the role of non-equilibrium physics in sustainable energy systems and technologies on Earth is also discussed to highlight how physics laws can inform efficiency, strength and scalability. The article united the perspectives of various regions, traditionally separated and created a coherent system under which the essential character of physics and the future technologies are interrelated. The latter principle-related perspective could be used to comprehend the translational streams of action, the shared constraints and opportunities and advance interdisciplinary methods of responsible and sustainable innovation. The review will be a concept map that directs the researchers and technologists who want to apply physical laws in designing and implementing future technologies in line with the demands of society and the environment.